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LayerZero is an omnichain interoperability protocol designed for lightweight message passing across chains. LayerZero provides authentic and guaranteed message delivery with configurable trustlessness. It is a “blockchain of blockchains” that allows other blockchain networks to communicate directly and in a trustless manner.

LayerZero’s key feature is Ultra Light Nodes (ULNs). These smart contracts run on each blockchain and act as endpoints for cross-chain communication. ULNs verify the validity of transactions and messages from other chains using block headers and transaction proofs, ensuring security and efficiency.

LayerZero supports any blockchain that can run smart contracts, such as Ethereum, BNB Chain, Avalanche, Polygon, Arbitrum, Optimism, Fantom and other chains. LayerZero also supports non-EVM chains like Aptos. These so-called omnichain applications should become a key layer of a multi-chain future, where different blockchains interact simultaneously.

LayerZero aims to create the optimal interoperability solution for blockchains with seamless and trustless cross-chain transactions.

LayerZero

Starknet

Since its inception in 2020, Wormhole (W) has stood as a core interoperability solution in the blockchain industry, offering a comprehensive platform that empowers multichain builders, applications, and users.

In the traditional blockchain development paradigm, applications are often confined to their native ecosystems, limiting their functionality and interaction capabilities. Wormhole breaks down these boundaries, offering developers a solution for creating applications that operate seamlessly across multiple blockchains. These solutions are primarily facilitated by Wormhole's foundational Messaging protocol, which allows for the secure transfer of arbitrary data between blockchains.

The platform's open-source nature has inspired numerous forks on GitHub, with contributions from entities like Asymmetric Research, Wormhole Labs, Zpoken, Succinct, and xLabs. This collaborative environment underscores Wormhole's adaptability and potential for growth. The platform has handled over 1 billion multichain messages for applications and is trusted by teams like AMD, Uniswap, Circle, Lido, Synthetix, Pyth, Pancakeswap, Jupiter, Backpack, and more.

Wormhole's architecture supports seamless integration, making it a preferred choice for developers aiming to build scalable and efficient multichain solutions. Its role in the blockchain ecosystem is further solidified by its ability to bridge disparate networks, fostering a more interconnected and versatile digital landscape.

Wormhole

Arbitrum is an Ethereum layer-two (L2) scaling solution. It uses optimistic rollups to achieve its goal of improving speed, scalability and cost-efficiency on Ethereum. Arbitrum benefits from the security and compatibility of Ethereum. Another benefit is the higher throughput and lower fees compared to Ethereum. That is made possible thanks to moving most of the computation and storage load off-chain.

Arbitrum’s native token is called ARB and is used for governance. Offchain Labs, the developers behind Arbitrum, announced the shift to a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) structure — the Arbitrum DAO. ARB holders can vote on proposals that affect the features, protocol upgrades, funds allocation and election of a Security Council.

Arbitrum has an ambitious roadmap for 2023, which includes: Launching its own layer-three solution called Orbit; Enabling developers to deploy programs written in popular programming languages like Rust, C++, and more using Stylus; Expanding its validator set to include more independent institutional validators; Moving its protocol to layer two with Arbitrum One.

On March 16, 2023,  Arbitrum announced their highly anticipated airdrop of ARB. The token will be airdropped to early users and DAOs building on Arbitrum, with 12.75% of the total supply to be distributed. Recipients were rewarded on a point-based system depending on their interaction with the Arbitrum network until a cutoff date of March 1, 2023. The token generation event is on March 23, 2023.

Arbitrum

Optimism (OP) is a layer-two blockchain on top of Ethereum. Optimism benefits from the security of the Ethereum mainnet and helps scale the Ethereum ecosystem by using optimistic rollups. That means transactions are trustlessly recorded on Optimism but ultimately secured on Ethereum.

Optimism is one of the biggest scaling solutions for Ethereum with over $500 million in TVL. It is home to 97 protocols, the biggest being Synthetix (SNX), a derivatives exchange, Uniswap (UNI), a DEX, and Velodrome (VELO), an AMM. Users can begin their journey on Optimism by adding the chain on their Metamask and bridging tokens like ETH to the L2. On May 31, 2022, Optimism conducted a highly anticipated airdrop of its OP token.

Optimism

Aptos is a Layer 1 Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchain that employs a novel smart contract programming language called Move, a Rust-based programming language that was independently developed by Meta (formerly Facebook)’s Diem blockchain engineers.

Aptos’s vision is a blockchain that brings mainstream adoption to web3 and empowers an ecosystem of DApps to solve real-world user problems.

The PoS blockchain can achieve a theoretical transaction throughput of over 150,000 transactions per second (tps) through parallel execution.

In March 2022, Aptos raised $200 million in a seed round led by the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz (a16z). Other crypto heavyweights like Tiger Global and Multicoin Capital took part in the funding round. Fast forward to July, the startup raised another $200 million in a Series A round with participation from Dragonfly, Apollo Global, Franklin Templeton, Animoca, Jump Crypto and others.

Two months later, Binance Labs made a strategic investment of an undisclosed amount in Aptos.

On Oct. 18, 2022, Aptos announced the mainnet launch, while the Aptos genesis occurred on Oct. 12, 2022.

Aptos

The EIGEN token is a universal intersubjective work token designed for EigenLayer, enabling security for various digital tasks that are not just objectively verifiable but also intersubjectively attributable. Unlike traditional work tokens that are tied to one specific digital task or objective faults (verifiable on-chain), EIGEN addresses a broader category of faults where multiple external observers agree on whether the task was performed correctly. This expands the range of tasks that can be securely managed on a blockchain.
EIGEN tokens are used for:

Staking for intersubjective faults on the EigenLayer platform.

Performing validation tasks across various Actively Validated Services (AVS).

Incentivizing and penalizing operators based on their performance.

EigenLayer

Celestia

Scroll employs a multifaceted approach to ensure its security, leveraging the robustness of battle-tested cryptographic libraries and the principles of open-source development. This approach is designed to maintain the integrity and safety of its zkEVM-based zkRollup on Ethereum, which is crafted to offer native compatibility for existing Ethereum applications and tools.

The foundation of Scroll's security strategy is its reliance on cryptographic libraries that have been thoroughly vetted and proven to be secure through extensive use and testing. This choice ensures that the core cryptographic components of the platform are resilient against known vulnerabilities.

Further enhancing its security posture, Scroll is committed to continuous improvement and rigorous testing of its codebase. This includes comprehensive code reviews and testing processes that aim to identify and rectify potential security issues before they can be exploited.

Independent audits play a crucial role in Scroll's security framework. By inviting reputable third-party auditors to examine its code and infrastructure, Scroll gains valuable insights into its security strengths and weaknesses, allowing for the implementation of recommended improvements.

The platform also fosters a collaborative security environment through its bug bounty program hosted on a dedicated platform. This program encourages security researchers and ethical hackers to identify and report vulnerabilities in exchange for rewards, thereby contributing to the overall security of the ecosystem.

Scroll's commitment to security is further evidenced by its establishment of a security council and the invitation to independent parties to operate follower nodes. These measures not only enhance the decentralization of the network but also introduce additional layers of oversight and resilience.

Collaboration with the community and the implementation of various sequencers are additional pillars of Scroll's security strategy. By engaging with the wider community and leveraging collective expertise, Scroll ensures that its security measures are robust and effective.

In summary, Scroll's security is achieved through a comprehensive and proactive approach that includes the use of proven cryptographic libraries, continuous improvement, independent audits, community collaboration, and a bug bounty program. This multifaceted strategy ensures the platform remains secure and trustworthy for its users.

Scroll

Manta Network

Pyth Network

Altlayer

Ethena

io.net

Aevo

Dymension

Arkham is a blockchain analysis platform that uses artificial intelligence (AI) to deanonymize the blockchain and on-chain data.

The platform’s two main components are the Analytics Platform and Intel Exchange. The Analytics Platform covers analytics on various entities, exchanges, funds, whales and tokens. For instance, you can check the portfolio holdings, transaction history, exchange flows, network relationships and other on-chain analytics. The Intel Exchange allows anyone to buy and sell address labels and other intelligence, either through bounties, auctions or the DATA Program.

Arkham uses an in-house AI engine with various sources of data, such as public records, social media, web scraping and user submissions. The data is used to label addresses and provide entity analytics for ULTRA, the company’s AI algorithm.

Arkham’s platform can be used for various purposes, such as tracking stolen funds, identifying fraudsters, verifying counterparties, auditing transactions, investigating hacks, and more. Arkham claims that its platform can help combat the proliferation of crypto crimes and scams by incentivizing on-chain research.

However, Arkham’s platform has also raised privacy concerns among some crypto users and advocates, who argue that deanonymizing the blockchain violates the principles of anonymity and censorship-resistance that underpin the crypto movement. Arkham has defended its platform by saying that it does not collect or store any personal data from users, and that it only provides publicly available information that can be verified on the blockchain.

Arkham

ether.fi

Sui is a groundbreaking layer-1 blockchain platform designed to support the needs of global adoption by offering a secure, powerful, and scalable development platform. At its core, Sui leverages a novel object-centric data model and the secure Move programming language to address inefficiencies prevalent in existing blockchain architectures.

On top of strong technical foundations, Sui prioritizes user experience by eliminating barriers commonly associated with blockchain interactions. Through innovations like zkLogin, sponsored transactions, and programmable transaction blocks, Sui creates a higher standard for user experience within Web3 by ensuring applications are accessible and user-friendly.

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